References

Plant status, range, and wetland indicators

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. National Wetland Plant List, Midwest Region, 2022 version. wetland-plants.usace.army.mil: primary placement filter.

USDA NRCS. PLANTS Database. plants.usda.gov: native range verification where status is unclear.

Biota of North America Program. North American Plant Atlas. bonap.net: county-level range confirmation.

bplant.org: Eastern Corn Belt Plains (ecoregion 112) native range screening.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Areas and Preserves. Rare Native Ohio Plants, 2024–25 Status List.

Ohio Division of Wildlife: species of conservation concern.

Horticultural and bloom-period data

Bloom windows in the Bloom Gap Finder come from Illinois Wildflowers and Missouri Botanical Garden, adjusted for Central Ohio. The other entries below support moisture, sun, and cultural notes.

Prairie Moon Nursery. prairiemoon.com: moisture, sun, germination, sourcing.

Illinois Wildflowers (John Hilty). illinoiswildflowers.info: bloom period, faunal associations.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Plant Finder. missouribotanicalgarden.org: bloom period and cultural requirements.

USA National Phenology Network. usanpn.org: dated flowering observations, referenced as the standard this dataset has not yet been checked against.

Consortium of Midwest Herbaria. midwestherbaria.org: dated herbarium flowering records.

USDA. Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2023 revision. Zone 6b designation.

NOAA / National Weather Service, Columbus: annual precipitation normals used in the water-needs reference.

The Ohio State University. Ohio State Phenology Calendar: growing degree day bloom sequences for Ohio locations, referenced in the Bloom Gap Finder FAQ.

Cultivar and pollinator-performance research

Fowler, J. and S. Droege. 2020. Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States: source for the specialist bee guilds on the About page.

Mt. Cuba Center, Hockessin, Delaware. Trial Garden Research Reports: Phlox, Solidago, Helenium, Echinacea, Coreopsis, Vernonia, Hydrangea, Asteraceae, shade Phlox.

White, A.S. 2016. From Nursery to Nature: Evaluating Native Herbaceous Flowering Plants Versus Native Cultivars for Pollinator Habitat Restoration. PhD dissertation, University of Vermont.

Tallamy, D.W. 2007. Bringing Nature Home. Timber Press.

Tallamy, D.W. 2020. Nature's Best Hope. Timber Press.

Field observation

Franklin County, Ohio, 2023 to present. Logged through iNaturalist under the Gillette's Habitat Garden project.

If you find something in the Bloom Gap Finder that does not match what you observe, I want to know: tyler@gilletteshabitatgarden.com.